SPEC Cloud IaaS 2018 Benchmark
Copyright © 2018 Standard Performance Evaluation Corporation
Cloud Vendor: Inspur
Cloud Type / SUT Type: private/whitebox
Hardware Platform: x86
Hypervisor: KVM
Cloud Infrastructure: InCloudOpenStack V5		 Replicated Application Instances: 20 copies
        Performance Score: 25.9
        Relative Scalability: 80.0%
        Mean Instance Provisioning Time: 35s
Tested by: Inspur SPEC Licence Number : 3358 Test Date : Jul 3, 2020
Performance Sections
Performance Summary
Performance Details
Validation, Errors, and Issues
Glossary of Terms		 SUT Configuration Sections
Instance Configuration
Cloud Configuration
Network Configuration
Storage Configuration		 Scale-out Phase Date/Time and Test Region
Scale-out Start Time: 2020-07-03_08:53:07_UTC
Scale-out End Time: 2020-07-03_10:11:14_UTC
Test Region: CN Central Standard Time
Cloud Informational Metrics
AI Provisioning Success: 100.00%
AI Run Success: 100.00
Total Instances: 129
Reference ID: 6258R-7

Performance Summary

Baseline Summary Results for YCSB
Throughput (ops/s) Insert Latency 99% (ms) Read Latency 99% (ms) AI Provisioning Time (s)
Average 57312.3 1.126 1.402 289.6

Baseline Summary Results for KMeans
Completion Time (s) AI Provisioning Time (s)
Average 88.64 280.0

Scale-out Summary Results for YCSB for 9 Valid AIs
Av. Throughput (ops/s) Av. Insert Latency 99% (ms) Av. Read Latency 99% (ms) Av. Provisioning Time (s) Performance Score Relative Scalability (%)
37410.8 2.510 3.533 289.1 10.07 65.33

Scale-out Summary Results for KMeans for 11 Valid AIs
Av. Completion Time (s) Av. Provisioning Time (s) Performance Score Relative Scalability (%)
97.4 289.8 15.78 94.63

YCSB Summary Results by AI
AI name Run count Run codes Av. Throughput (ops/s) Av. Insert Latency 99% (ms) Av. Read Latency 99% (ms) AI. Provisioning time (s) AI. Prov. Initiated from Scale-out Start (s)
ai_1 28 0 46798.1 1.639 1.975 281.0 2.0
ai_3 20 0 38482.8 2.313 2.966 289.0 571.0
ai_6 19 0 41058.8 2.048 2.387 283.0 1122.0
ai_8 14 0 34841.0 2.676 3.566 282.0 1540.0
ai_11 14 0 46603.5 1.537 1.895 280.0 2076.0
ai_12 8 0 37148.0 2.155 3.500 289.0 2549.0
ai_14 5 0 26637.3 4.063 5.648 299.0 3041.0
ai_17 4 0 40745.9 1.898 2.533 300.0 3510.0
ai_19 1 0 24381.6 4.259 7.331 299.0 3984.0
ai_21 0 4 0.0 0.000 0.000 0.0 4378.0

KMeans Summary Results by AI
AI name Run count Run code Av. Completion Time (s) Av. Provisioning time (s) AI. Prov. Initiated from Scale-out Start (s)
ai_2 35 0 93.97 287.0 8.0
ai_4 29 0 97.55 306.0 591.0
ai_5 26 0 100.31 280.0 980.0
ai_7 24 0 91.83 272.0 1317.0
ai_9 19 0 110.37 302.0 1622.0
ai_10 19 0 92.74 275.0 2028.0
ai_13 14 0 92.79 288.0 2605.0
ai_15 10 0 96.80 292.0 3066.0
ai_16 6 0 113.00 297.0 3425.0
ai_18 3 0 100.33 282.0 3926.0
ai_20 1 0 76.00 307.0 4257.0
ai_22 0 4 0 0.0 4650.0

Validation, Errors, and Issues

Glossary of "Run code":

Instance Configuration

Instance Configuration Hadoop Master
Parameter Value
instance_type_name medium
cpu 4
memory 4GB
disk_size 40GB
disk_backed block storage
image_name hadoop_kmeans
Notes None

Instance Configuration Hadoop Slave
Parameter Value
instance_type_name medium
cpu 4
memory 4GB
disk_size 40GB
disk_backed block storage
image_name hadoop_kmeans
Notes None

Instance Configuration YCSB
Parameter Value
instance_type_name medium
cpu 4
memory 4GB
disk_size 40GB
disk_backed block storage
image_name cassandra_ycsb
Notes None

Instance Configuration Cassandra
Parameter Value
instance_type_name medium
cpu 4
memory 4GB
disk_size 40GB
disk_backed block storage
image_name cassandra_ycsb
Notes None

Cloud Configuration

Cloud High Level Information and Availability
Parameter Value
Name IncloudOpenStack
Type private
Sut_Type whitebox
Virtualized KVM
Manager_Protocol InCloudOpenStack
Manager_Version V5
Hardware_Availability Apr-2019
Software/Service_Availability Dec-2019
Geographic_Distribution 1
Notes Cloud management deputy nodes reside at all data centers SUT exists in 3 different buildings within same campus Campus network backbone is infinet10000.

Cloud Under Test Software Levels
Parameter Value
Python_version 2.7.12
JVM_version 1.8.0_242
Hadoop_version 2.7.5
Cassandra_version 2.1.20
Notes All software compiled locally from git source archives Compiler options - debug, 128bits, optimized Internal database set to emulate Cassandra API.

Benchmark Harness Node
Parameter Value
Vendor Inspur
Platform NF5280M5
CPU_Description Intel(R) Xeon(R) Gold 5218 CPU @ 2.30GHz
CPU_Frequency_MHz 2300
RAM_Memory 768 GB, ECC, DDR4, 2666MHz RDIMM
Local_Storage 5x1 TB HDD, RAID 5, 7200 RPM, 1 500G SSD
Quantity 1
Availability_Date Apr-2019
OS_Version Ubuntu 16.04.2 LTS
OS_Availability_Date Nov-2019
Network_Adapter_1 Intel Corporation 82599ES 10-Gigabit SFI/SFP+ Network Connection
Network_port_type_1 10GBASE-SR
Network_port_type_2 10GBASE-SR
Network_speed_port_1 10 Gb/s
Network_speed_port_2 10 Gb/s
Notes the control machine is KVM virtual machine

Cloud Manager Node
Parameter Value
Hw_Vendor Inspur
Hw_Platform NF5280M5
CPU_Type Intel(R) Xeon(R) Gold 5218 CPU @ 2.3GHz
CPU_Count 2
CPU_Cores_Per 16
CPU_Frequency_MHz 2300
RAM_Memory_GB 768
Primary_Cache_KB 32 KB I + 32 KB D per core, on chip
Secondary_Cache_KB 1 MB I+D per core, on chip
RAM_Memory_Type ECC DDR4 2666 MHz
Hw_Availability_Date May-2018
Local_Storage 5x1 TB HDD, RAID 5, 7200 RPM, 1 500G SSD
Quantity 1
Virtualized KVM
Network_Adapter_1 Intel Corporation 82599ES 10-Gigabit SFI/SFP+ Network Connection
Network_port_type_1 10GBASE-SR
Network_port_type_2 10GBASE-SR
Network_speed_port_1 10 Gb/s
Network_speed_port_2 10 Gb/s
OS_Version InCloudOpenStack V5
OS_Availability_Date Dec-2019
Notes None

Cloud Computes Nodes
Parameter Value
type 1_Compute_nodes 9
type 1_Hw_Vendor Inspur
type 1_Hw_Platform Intel(R) Xeon(R) Gold 6258R CPU @ 2.7GHz
type 1_Quantity 9
type 1_CPU_Type x86
type 1_CPU_Count 1
type 1_CPU_Cores_Per 28
type 1_CPU_Frequency_MHz 2700
type 1_RAM_Memory_GB 384
type 1_Primary_Cache_KB 32 KB I + 32 KB D per core, on chip
type 1_Secondary_Cache_KB 1 MB I+D per core, on chip
type 1_RAM_Memory_Type ECC DDR4 2666 MHz
type 1_Hw_Availability_Date Apr-2019
type 1_Local_Storage 5x 1 TB HDD, SATA3, RAID 5, 7200 RPM, 1 500G SSD
type 1_Virtualized KVM
type 1_Network_Adapter_1 Intel Corporation 82599ES 10-Gigabit SFI/SFP+ Network Connection
type 1_Network_port_type_1 10GBASE-SR
type 1_Network_port_type_2 10GBASE-SR
type 1_Network_speed_port_1 10 Gb/s
type 1_Network_speed_port_2 10 Gb/s
type 1_OS_Version InCloudOpenStack V5
type 1_OS_Availability_Date Dec-2019
type 1_Notes None

Cloud Network Information

Cloud Network Information
Parameter Value
network 1_Technology ethernet
network 1_Protocol TCP/IP
network 1_Protocol_version IPV4
network 1_Speed_Mbps 10000
network 1_Function data
network 1_Notes None
network 2_Technology ethernet
network 2_Protocol TCP/IP
network 2_Protocol_version IPV4
network 2_Speed_Mbps 10000
network 2_Function management
network 2_Notes None

Cloud Schematic

Storage Configuration

Cloud Storage
Parameter Value
Storage 1_Attach_Type local
Storage 1_Capacity 36 TB
Storage 1_Technology HDD
Storage 1_Notes Each node has 5 HDD RAID 5 for storage Each node has 1 SSD for OS

Performance Details

YCSB Detailed Results for Application Instance Runs
AI name Run id Throughput (ops/s) Insert Latency 99% (ms) Read Latency 99% (ms) Data gen time (s) AI Run Errors NTP Error
ai_1 1 56933.8 1.145 1.636 43.00 0 0
2 58566.0 1.114 1.414 42.00 0 0
3 59344.5 1.059 1.327 41.00 0 0
4 57389.6 1.061 1.372 41.00 0 0
5 57814.3 1.107 1.383 45.00 0 0
6 54763.8 1.239 1.414 41.00 0 0
7 54900.6 1.159 1.405 42.00 0 0
8 54378.9 1.138 1.396 42.00 0 0
9 52872.3 1.181 1.429 43.00 0 0
10 51036.7 1.238 1.469 43.00 0 0
11 50773.7 1.281 1.479 43.00 0 0
12 52050.1 1.206 1.474 43.00 0 0
13 48715.7 1.335 1.658 47.00 0 0
14 48845.4 1.359 1.653 49.00 0 0
15 49163.6 1.351 1.665 44.00 0 0
16 44710.7 1.485 1.847 50.00 0 0
17 45802.2 1.442 1.781 49.00 0 0
18 42166.5 1.821 1.979 45.00 0 0
19 43952.2 1.566 1.857 51.00 0 0
20 42653.9 1.999 2.295 47.00 0 0
21 39884.3 2.273 2.391 54.00 0 0
22 39102.2 2.223 2.381 53.00 0 0
23 37907.5 2.173 2.405 55.00 0 0
24 37117.5 2.153 2.393 54.00 0 0
25 33340.8 2.423 2.659 55.00 0 0
26 35604.6 2.287 2.763 56.00 0 0
27 29807.6 2.951 3.899 58.00 0 0
28 30748.7 3.135 4.475 77.00 0 0
AI name Run id Throughput (ops/s) Insert Latency 99% (ms) Read Latency 99% (ms) Data gen time (s) AI Run Errors NTP Error
ai_3 1 48437.9 1.335 1.869 50.00 0 0
2 48130.7 1.340 1.657 71.00 0 0
3 50602.8 1.225 1.531 74.00 0 0
4 47946.1 1.419 1.630 59.00 0 0
5 44739.2 1.464 1.646 61.00 0 0
6 44739.2 1.576 1.680 42.00 0 0
7 42638.5 1.708 1.942 47.00 0 0
8 42693.1 1.787 2.012 75.00 0 0
9 43229.2 1.697 1.917 49.00 0 0
10 43938.7 1.681 1.928 47.00 0 0
11 39705.0 1.870 2.111 46.00 0 0
12 40914.4 1.904 2.159 49.00 0 0
13 37224.2 2.073 2.327 70.00 0 0
14 34094.8 2.387 2.671 55.00 0 0
15 31020.0 2.781 3.645 55.00 0 0
16 27444.1 3.437 4.611 70.00 0 0
17 28945.9 3.259 4.579 72.00 0 0
18 26811.8 3.493 4.919 75.00 0 0
19 24249.0 4.471 6.587 74.00 0 0
20 22152.1 5.347 7.903 107.00 0 0
AI name Run id Throughput (ops/s) Insert Latency 99% (ms) Read Latency 99% (ms) Data gen time (s) AI Run Errors NTP Error
ai_6 1 52208.4 1.310 1.864 48.00 0 0
2 50539.5 1.338 1.603 42.00 0 0
3 48407.4 1.512 1.769 44.00 0 0
4 42562.7 1.889 2.143 47.00 0 0
5 42678.5 1.957 2.155 45.00 0 0
6 44095.1 1.865 2.099 46.00 0 0
7 41035.7 1.921 2.205 45.00 0 0
8 42157.6 1.927 2.159 46.00 0 0
9 40220.8 2.045 2.265 47.00 0 0
10 40453.9 2.049 2.347 47.00 0 0
11 40303.9 2.027 2.295 48.00 0 0
12 41862.9 1.983 2.227 51.00 0 0
13 41347.1 1.957 2.183 52.00 0 0
14 38314.9 2.179 2.435 52.00 0 0
15 37781.1 2.257 2.467 53.00 0 0
16 35588.1 2.455 2.735 54.00 0 0
17 34933.0 2.561 3.135 62.00 0 0
18 34652.7 2.595 3.147 59.00 0 0
19 30973.9 3.083 4.123 56.00 0 0
AI name Run id Throughput (ops/s) Insert Latency 99% (ms) Read Latency 99% (ms) Data gen time (s) AI Run Errors NTP Error
ai_8 1 41337.7 1.809 2.557 53.00 0 0
2 41152.7 1.768 2.165 46.00 0 0
3 41024.0 1.686 2.169 47.00 0 0
4 41254.1 1.752 2.183 54.00 0 0
5 39725.5 1.899 2.167 56.00 0 0
6 41099.0 1.770 2.155 53.00 0 0
7 37310.0 2.113 2.463 57.00 0 0
8 35103.4 2.317 2.703 56.00 0 0
9 32767.8 2.711 3.511 58.00 0 0
10 28659.5 3.345 4.559 62.00 0 0
11 29988.2 3.357 4.599 67.00 0 0
12 27489.7 3.811 5.267 65.00 0 0
13 27226.4 3.891 5.899 69.00 0 0
14 23635.9 5.231 7.527 90.00 0 0
AI name Run id Throughput (ops/s) Insert Latency 99% (ms) Read Latency 99% (ms) Data gen time (s) AI Run Errors NTP Error
ai_11 1 55457.0 1.215 1.792 46.00 0 0
2 50358.8 1.254 1.597 47.00 0 0
3 52629.5 1.242 1.525 83.00 0 0
4 47769.2 1.536 1.838 47.00 0 0
5 46545.7 1.369 1.606 51.00 0 0
6 48507.8 1.415 1.656 47.00 0 0
7 45253.0 1.550 1.877 45.00 0 0
8 45976.0 1.552 1.847 46.00 0 0
9 46987.5 1.404 1.675 50.00 0 0
10 46696.2 1.532 1.767 48.00 0 0
11 42670.8 1.761 2.039 52.00 0 0
12 43672.9 1.828 2.201 51.00 0 0
13 40689.7 1.882 2.439 50.00 0 0
14 39234.5 1.979 2.665 61.00 0 0
AI name Run id Throughput (ops/s) Insert Latency 99% (ms) Read Latency 99% (ms) Data gen time (s) AI Run Errors NTP Error
ai_12 1 41188.3 1.873 2.795 53.00 0 0
2 42380.5 1.648 2.121 89.00 0 0
3 38690.0 2.079 3.229 84.00 0 0
4 37617.7 2.195 2.757 94.00 0 0
5 37341.3 2.061 3.319 81.00 0 0
6 34339.8 2.397 4.187 58.00 0 0
7 35218.1 2.355 3.427 62.00 0 0
8 30408.3 2.629 6.163 108.00 0 0
AI name Run id Throughput (ops/s) Insert Latency 99% (ms) Read Latency 99% (ms) Data gen time (s) AI Run Errors NTP Error
ai_14 1 27788.8 3.435 4.975 66.00 0 0
2 28382.7 3.545 4.895 60.00 0 0
3 27817.4 3.707 5.091 64.00 0 0
4 27919.5 3.511 4.783 64.00 0 0
5 21278.3 6.119 8.495 86.00 0 0
AI name Run id Throughput (ops/s) Insert Latency 99% (ms) Read Latency 99% (ms) Data gen time (s) AI Run Errors NTP Error
ai_17 1 41731.4 1.764 2.463 54.00 0 0
2 42223.0 1.744 2.315 56.00 0 0
3 40065.7 1.989 2.685 54.00 0 0
4 38963.6 2.097 2.669 58.00 0 0
AI name Run id Throughput (ops/s) Insert Latency 99% (ms) Read Latency 99% (ms) Data gen time (s) AI Run Errors NTP Error
ai_19 1 24381.6 4.259 7.331 86.00 0 0

KMeans Detailed Results for Application Instance Runs
AI name Run id Completion Times (s) Hadoop Iterations Data gen time (s) AI Run Errors NTP Error
ai_2 1 120 5 29.00 0 0
2 97 4 22.00 0 0
3 100 4 22.00 0 0
4 61 2 23.00 0 0
5 124 5 26.00 0 0
6 98 4 23.00 0 0
7 102 4 25.00 0 0
8 103 4 26.00 0 0
9 119 5 22.00 0 0
10 60 2 24.00 0 0
11 63 2 24.00 0 0
12 45 1 26.00 0 0
13 99 4 23.00 0 0
14 79 3 23.00 0 0
15 61 2 25.00 0 0
16 119 5 23.00 0 0
17 64 2 22.00 0 0
18 122 5 23.00 0 0
19 66 2 24.00 0 0
20 84 3 25.00 0 0
21 106 4 24.00 0 0
22 106 4 25.00 0 0
23 66 2 23.00 0 0
24 107 4 22.00 0 0
25 83 3 23.00 0 0
26 134 5 24.00 0 0
27 129 5 25.00 0 0
28 103 4 25.00 0 0
29 120 4 24.00 0 0
30 69 2 24.00 0 0
31 127 5 25.00 0 0
32 89 3 27.00 0 0
33 73 2 24.00 0 0
34 85 3 29.00 0 0
35 106 4 23.00 0 0
AI name Run id Completion Times (s) Hadoop Iterations Data gen time (s) AI Run Errors NTP Error
ai_4 1 107 4 30.00 0 0
2 79 3 25.00 0 0
3 84 3 23.00 0 0
4 102 4 26.00 0 0
5 81 3 23.00 0 0
6 81 3 29.00 0 0
7 64 2 21.00 0 0
8 100 4 24.00 0 0
9 80 3 23.00 0 0
10 119 5 24.00 0 0
11 120 5 25.00 0 0
12 63 2 23.00 0 0
13 115 4 22.00 0 0
14 129 5 22.00 0 0
15 62 2 25.00 0 0
16 104 4 25.00 0 0
17 66 2 25.00 0 0
18 74 2 23.00 0 0
19 109 4 25.00 0 0
20 108 4 24.00 0 0
21 120 5 25.00 0 0
22 102 4 26.00 0 0
23 68 2 23.00 0 0
24 102 4 29.00 0 0
25 106 4 26.00 0 0
26 129 5 26.00 0 0
27 132 5 24.00 0 0
28 87 3 24.00 0 0
29 136 5 24.00 0 0
AI name Run id Completion Times (s) Hadoop Iterations Data gen time (s) AI Run Errors NTP Error
ai_5 1 121 5 28.00 0 0
2 119 5 25.00 0 0
3 114 5 23.00 0 0
4 62 2 22.00 0 0
5 93 3 23.00 0 0
6 91 3 24.00 0 0
7 126 5 24.00 0 0
8 117 5 25.00 0 0
9 102 4 24.00 0 0
10 105 4 22.00 0 0
11 79 3 25.00 0 0
12 120 5 22.00 0 0
13 85 3 26.00 0 0
14 102 4 23.00 0 0
15 94 3 25.00 0 0
16 122 5 26.00 0 0
17 91 3 27.00 0 0
18 70 2 27.00 0 0
19 51 1 25.00 0 0
20 70 2 24.00 0 0
21 86 3 27.00 0 0
22 126 5 25.00 0 0
23 134 5 30.00 0 0
24 69 2 26.00 0 0
25 124 4 26.00 0 0
26 135 5 26.00 0 0
AI name Run id Completion Times (s) Hadoop Iterations Data gen time (s) AI Run Errors NTP Error
ai_7 1 76 2 33.00 0 0
2 74 2 26.00 0 0
3 81 3 29.00 0 0
4 61 2 25.00 0 0
5 110 4 22.00 0 0
6 118 5 22.00 0 0
7 63 2 23.00 0 0
8 101 4 22.00 0 0
9 63 2 22.00 0 0
10 126 5 26.00 0 0
11 80 3 24.00 0 0
12 123 5 27.00 0 0
13 83 3 24.00 0 0
14 69 2 25.00 0 0
15 130 5 25.00 0 0
16 126 5 25.00 0 0
17 129 5 25.00 0 0
18 65 2 25.00 0 0
19 107 4 27.00 0 0
20 52 1 30.00 0 0
21 67 2 25.00 0 0
22 136 5 23.00 0 0
23 73 2 28.00 0 0
24 91 3 27.00 0 0
AI name Run id Completion Times (s) Hadoop Iterations Data gen time (s) AI Run Errors NTP Error
ai_9 1 125 5 31.00 0 0
2 85 3 23.00 0 0
3 71 2 28.00 0 0
4 120 5 30.00 0 0
5 53 1 23.00 0 0
6 120 5 24.00 0 0
7 88 3 28.00 0 0
8 123 5 28.00 0 0
9 101 4 23.00 0 0
10 134 5 25.00 0 0
11 134 5 24.00 0 0
12 121 4 24.00 0 0
13 109 4 24.00 0 0
14 131 5 25.00 0 0
15 104 3 25.00 0 0
16 113 4 26.00 0 0
17 124 4 32.00 0 0
18 114 4 25.00 0 0
19 127 5 27.00 0 0
AI name Run id Completion Times (s) Hadoop Iterations Data gen time (s) AI Run Errors NTP Error
ai_10 1 105 4 29.00 0 0
2 81 3 22.00 0 0
3 67 2 28.00 0 0
4 121 5 26.00 0 0
5 102 4 23.00 0 0
6 61 2 24.00 0 0
7 61 2 24.00 0 0
8 63 2 24.00 0 0
9 128 5 30.00 0 0
10 122 5 25.00 0 0
11 123 5 29.00 0 0
12 82 3 25.00 0 0
13 85 3 27.00 0 0
14 86 3 28.00 0 0
15 72 2 26.00 0 0
16 108 4 23.00 0 0
17 62 2 33.00 0 0
18 128 5 25.00 0 0
19 105 4 24.00 0 0
AI name Run id Completion Times (s) Hadoop Iterations Data gen time (s) AI Run Errors NTP Error
ai_13 1 50 1 33.00 0 0
2 91 3 24.00 0 0
3 135 5 26.00 0 0
4 91 3 24.00 0 0
5 86 3 27.00 0 0
6 92 3 34.00 0 0
7 68 2 25.00 0 0
8 99 3 25.00 0 0
9 68 2 27.00 0 0
10 115 4 28.00 0 0
11 115 4 34.00 0 0
12 126 5 29.00 0 0
13 86 2 26.00 0 0
14 77 2 27.00 0 0
AI name Run id Completion Times (s) Hadoop Iterations Data gen time (s) AI Run Errors NTP Error
ai_15 1 106 4 29.00 0 0
2 103 4 25.00 0 0
3 103 4 25.00 0 0
4 108 4 30.00 0 0
5 87 3 30.00 0 0
6 128 5 27.00 0 0
7 131 5 25.00 0 0
8 46 1 32.00 0 0
9 86 3 27.00 0 0
10 70 2 25.00 0 0
AI name Run id Completion Times (s) Hadoop Iterations Data gen time (s) AI Run Errors NTP Error
ai_16 1 67 2 33.00 0 0
2 139 5 23.00 0 0
3 79 2 24.00 0 0
4 118 4 26.00 0 0
5 139 5 25.00 0 0
6 136 5 29.00 0 0
AI name Run id Completion Times (s) Hadoop Iterations Data gen time (s) AI Run Errors NTP Error
ai_18 1 135 5 33.00 0 0
2 97 3 23.00 0 0
3 69 2 27.00 0 0
AI name Run id Completion Times (s) Hadoop Iterations Data gen time (s) AI Run Errors NTP Error
ai_20 1 76 2 37.00 0 0

Glossary

Glossary of Terms

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